Homosexuality Essay Example for Free

Homosexuality Es declareIn todays society homosexuality is frequently discussed and the morality of being fearless or not is questi superstard. Based on what culture, ethics, knowledge a person has acquired in their lifetime and how their parent, teacher, preacher, or other type of mentor views the issue, people will engineer their own beliefs active homosexuality. Each culture has their own values regarding the appropriateness of certain types f sexuality.In Michael Levins Why Homosexuality is Abnormal, he justifies that homosexuality is abnormal and hence undesirable- not beca practice it is immoral or sinful, or because it weakens society or hampers evolutionary development, but for a purely mechanical reason (290). Michael reassert that homosexuality is abnormal and then goes to p tierce that the unhappiness of homosexuals is highly due to the misuse of bodily parts therefore, they are bound to be un able. Levins thesis claims that the abnormality of the homosexuality does not make them to live a desirable way of life which, I completely disagree with.In disagreement with Levin, the use of bodily parts in a homosexual relationship is not a misuse, but an alteration of functions and the terminology of abnormal does not lead to unhappiness. Levin claims to state that the misuse of bodily parts in a homosexual relationship will lead to an undesirable and unhappy life. I will begin my tilt with why the use of bodily parts in homosexual relationship is not misuse, but an modify function, can lead to a desirable and happy life. For instance, if one day LeBron James gets into a serve accident and becomes a paraplegic.His basketball career is terminated because he is paralyzed from the waist down, which instrument he is not capable of utilize his legs ever again. His ability to walk, run, jog, jump, swim, and etc. are now vanished therefore, causing him to neer play in the National Basketball Association. As time went by, he realized the inability to use his lower body parts in a common function was not going to block up him from playing basketball. LeBron decided he was going to play wheelchair basketball and continue his drive to play basketball because that is what makes him content.Through his altered body usage, LeBron learned how to transport and causing him to win multiple rewards in basketball. After winning multiple rewards, it made LeBron recognize that if one has the desire to be happy and shoot for their goals, than anything is possible. In the end, LeBron was just as successful using his altered body parts and the ability to function just fine like a normal homophile being. In respect to LeBrons scenario, a homosexuals body parts should not be judged just because the bodily parts are altered and used not in the way that Levin expects.Levin argues that the misuse of body parts causes unfullfillment, which than lead to unhappiness. He uses the terminology of evolution as a measurement to absolve the idea that h eterosexuals are normal human beings and homosexuals as abnormal because they are incapable of reproducing offspring. Levin argues human beings have penises and vaginas because our ancestors who put their penises into vaginas (or put their vaginas around penises) tended to reproduce, passing along to have penises and vaginas and to use them in this way (302).This is what genitalia are for is what Levin said and any other uses such as homosexuals are abnormal. So, basically what Levin is move to say is that homosexuals can never be happy because they misuse their bodily parts, which causes them to never fulfill their desires and than leads to unhappiness. In a sense, we are programmed through evolution to enjoy using our organs in evolutionarily adaptive (i. e. normal) ways (302). My theory is that homosexuals can be happy.How is Levin to judge and say that it does not fulfill their desires and makes them unhappy? Why would people do things to make themselves emotionally hurt or unh appy? If homosexuals extend to in homosexual activities, it is because that is what makes them emotionally happy from the inside, not because to partake in activities just for the brilliance of it. If that is what fulfills their personal desires than there should be nothing abnormal or wrong about it. Just because Levin does not have those personal desires does not mean he can criticize on others about it.Levin talks a lot about evolution and how our heterosexual ancestors who had penises and vaginas passing it down for the next ancestors well, if one esteems about it homosexuals have also evolved over time too. Just because back then in society people did not talk about it and in present-day they do, does not mean homosexuals have not been around. The fact is that it has been around just not ever mentioned. For example, talking about sex was never mentioned in the old times, but present-day people talk about it in public.Overtime, society has gained more(prenominal) knowledge, hence making people acknowledge more about homosexuality. Since, homosexuality has been here throughout history and continues to evolve then, Levins statement about evolution implies the same for homosexuals making them normal human beings. Levins second argument is about using the terminology abnormal when misusing sexual organs. He never gives a clear definition on what is abnormal, but save for the fact what I have mentioned above. For Levin, an activity is abnormal in the relevant sense whenever it involves using an organ for purposes for which it was not intended (302).Implying that being abnormal is when one does not use the penis to penetrate through the vagina to fertilize eggs and reproduce offsprings. If this is how society should be and if is this how these organs should be used, then why is it that heterosexuals partake in activities such as oral sex and anal sex? Levin argues that penises are for inserting into vaginas, not for inserting into mouths or other orifices v aginas are for receiving penises, not for rubbing up against other vaginas (302). This statement is being hypocritical because these are the same actions heterosexuals partake in also, making them abnormal as well.He misuses the word abnormal. The clear definition of abnormal means is extraordinary, uncommon, rare, or different. If Levin is calling homosexuals uncommon and rare, then what makes philosophy professors common? Being a philosophy professor is uncommon in a sense that only a small minority of people do it, but it is not abnormal in Levins sense. And since majority of the heterosexual tribe do partake in different activities using their genitalia for other purposes, this would make them common versus uncommon. Levin last argument is about the policy issues.He is trying to say society should protect their children because if the formula provided rights to the homosexuals, then children will have the odds to become a homosexual. In his argument Levin even states, If homo sexuality is unnatural, legislation which raises the odds that a given child will become homosexual raised the odds that he will be unhappy (295). Legalizing homosexuality means coming to the conclusion that it is acceptable to get married to the same gender and the government would have no objections against this action.If this occurred many religious practices would raise questions and make equivalence to the Bible. If Levin were saying that homosexuals would cause harm to children if allowed by the government, then what would one say when children watch pornography or movies that show kissing the same gender or opposite gender? Present-day children are already watching TV shows that harm their knowledge. What difference would it make if a child found a gay couple holding hands or kissing? Also, how much knowledge can a little child retain, they can only have stripped understanding of what is going on.In society there are other issues such as violence, murders, terrorist attacks that are more harmful to children than homosexuals being together. Levin does not backtrack to evaluate that continuing to degrade homosexuals and define them as abnormal based on their desires will continue to divide up the society causing strain to build up and unhappiness. After all America gives the freedom to believe in ones own practices without any judgments. In disagreement to Levins argument that the abnormality of homosexuality misusing their bodily parts causing unhappiness should also take into account of policy issues in Levins statement.Being grotesque and different than the majority of the norm does not mean they are harmful to the community. In America people have the right to worship in whatever they believe in therefore, fulfilling ones need by misusing bodily parts does not prove they are abnormal or can lead to unhappiness. In conclusion, determining the quality of ones life is based on the fulfilling individuals desires and a homosexual is clearly not artic led to be unhappy with the abstract use of body parts. He or she can still live a happy life in mend their functions because that is what makes morally content and fulfill their personal desires.

A Christian Music Guide

A Christian symphony Guide euphony forms an entire part of all communities and religions. Christian symphony is no exception to that. Christian symphony primarily consists of the medicine played and sung in churches for the purpose of worshipping and measure the Lord. Christian practice of medicine has different forms and has a different name for each form. However, Christian music also conforms to the music outside the regular church service.The motley forms of Christian music include anthem, antiphon, cantata, chant, chorale, hymn, mass, motet, plainsong, carol and oratorio.An anthem is a song sung with a religious or political significance having a gist itself. An anthem can be sung in church or any other place with or without any other companions. By Christian terminology it often de stigmatizes a song sung for praising loyalty. An antiphon is sung after the narration of a psalm or canticle in reaction to it. A cantata is performed primarily by a group of people who sing in the church and are known as the choir. However, a cantata can also comprise of solo performances accompanied by musical instruments. A chant is a repeated utterance of short and simple run-in or syllables sung in the same t unrivalled and melody.A chorale is a German hymn known to be much more simpler than the side of meat ones. They came into existence to replace the plainsongs in order to be sung to announce the congregation participation in the liturgy. A hymn is sung as note of thanksgiving, devotion and praise towards the lord almighty. A mass is sung to celebrate unrestricted celebrations virtuallyly in the Roman Catholic Churches and a few Protestant Churches. A motet comprises of the sacred text, mostly from the Bible, and is usually sung alone without any companion. Any Christian song sung without the restrictions of meter are known as plainsong. Often plainsong is also sung alone. A carol usually celebrates joy and celebration such(prenominal) as the Christmas caro ls. They are accompanied with dancing and crummy singing in groups. An oratorio is a musical composition accompanied with orchestra and chorus depicting a sacred tale without any kind of wooden leg enactments.The Christian music has evolved over the years keeping in tact its tradition and customs and yet, giving way for the contemporary Christian music, largely influenced by the secular music. The music from the different gospels along with the Christian Country Music is the most ecumenical forms of music in the US.Christian Pop MusicPop music is considered to be the short form of initiateular music. Pop music generally appeals to the teenage and young section of the listeners. It is mostly accompanied by electronic musical equipments and is characterized by a heavy rhythmic pattern. The themes may include personal or loud group emotions, although the most common and popular themes are derived from emotional or physical love themes.Christian pop music found its existence in the term Contemporary Christian Music in the year 1970, which was based on Christian Faith. The music derived its root from the hippie Jesus Movement, from which the genre of Jesus Music began. In the early days, Christian pop music consisted of folk pop songs depicting the artists belief and faith in Jesus. Soon, Christian pop music became quite popular and began being air out on various wireless stations and sold in local stores. Popular artists like Amy Grant, Michael W. Smith made the Christian pop music a flourishing Industry by 1980 when millions of their records started getting sold. The early Christian pop music was divided into four main groups known as the separatist, purist, spiritually meditative and incidental positions. Each group prophesied their own view in deciding the motive and themes of the pop music and composed music accordingly.Eventually, this separate genre of music was opposed by some of the other artists who deviated from this genre to form other Christian music genres such as hip hop, punk, alternative, metal etc. or so of these artists include Lost Dogs, Joy Electric etc. In the present scenario however, Christian pop music has found its place beside all the other active genres of Christian music. The contemporary pop music is a combination of inspirational, sacred, gospels and emotions strains. Over the years, quite a number of artists have made Christian pop music durable and popular among the young generations.Christian Music ChartsMusic charts usually functions as an overall rating report of the contemporary songs based on their popularity and music quality. Like every other genre of music, songs belonging to the Christian music also find its way up and down the music charts obstinate by the various criterions. An overall survey is done through various means of communications such as Internet polls, sms and of course letters and online public forums. Based on this survey a song would enter the hit chart and find its position on the top slot. These positions may vary from one week to another as new songs and albums keep entering the music charts. As a result, the song or album, which was on the top slot a week before, can lose its position and come down the rating charts.The way of airing and popularizing a song or an album, are the various radio stations and innumerable television channels. These radio stations and television channels help in making these songs and albums popular, which in turn help them enter the music charts. However, these music charts are not always the best way to judge the quality of a song or an album. Often, it might be possible that a really good song has not been able to enter the music charts because it is not a part of a very high budget project. In that case song does not appear on air or television channels and thus is not a part of the top music charts of a country or state.Usually Christian music charts are divided according to the different genres of Christian music su ch as Contemporary, Rock, boastful Contemporary, Inspirational, Pop to name a few. However, they can also show an overall rating combining all the genres and types of music prevalent. The songs and albums are often listed starting with the most popular ones on top and the count going up with the following numbers. Christian music charts can be found in the various online websites, and are transmitted through multiple radio and television channels regularly.Christian Karaoke MusicThe word of honor Karaoke derives its meaning from the combination of two Japanese terms. Kara in Japanese means empty or void and oke means orchestra. Together they formed Karaoke to establish a different genre of Christian music. Karaoke music is a personify performance by the artist accompanied by a pre-recorded orchestra. It is very popular in a lot of places, including stage performances. The pre-recorded orchestra and video displays act as a guide to the vocaliser whose microphone volume is usually kept low. The singer merely lips the songs, which are already played in the background.Christian Karaoke music shows usually take place in open areas such as parks, fairs and other public get-togethers, which provides a platform for all those who are not so confident about their singing alone. The pre-recorded voice helps them to sing along and yet participate in the shows. This also serves as another way of spreading the word of God providing the flexibility of local gatherings instead of going to the church. Christian Karaoke music often consists of hymns and other popular genres of Christian music which, when played and participated by the general people help in making them popular. Although, usual Karaoke music is popular in bars and nightclubs Christian Karaoke Music do not associate itself with such places and is mostly comprised of gospels, carols and other religious streams. Singing along with the Karaoke has become a popular profession and various websites have come up to train the singer about the ways off singing in a Christian Karaoke.Christian Karaoke Music lists are available on most online music shop websites with the latest and most popular artists and albums in store. However, it is advisable to compare and check the different sites and price rates offered by them before buying a trusted album. Prices may vary depending on the popularity and music chart ratings of an album.

Marks Spencers Internationalization Ventures and Failures

tag Spencers Internationalization Ventures and FailuresIntroductionFor years, successful businesses have seek to increase their sh be of the markets by expanding their operations and by making their products and services available to a larger percentage of customers. Expansion is normally attained on two different levels, namely, local expansion and internationalisation. Globalization, and the benefits that can be sought from it, has encouraged businesses to concentrate on more on internationalization strategies as a promoter of expansion while ensuring that their local footing is firm and not marred by competition or other local issues. Marks Spencer, for one, has been trying clock and again to expand its business internationally not precisely through franchising but in addition by opening retail stores (retail internationalization) in the most lustrous of all international markets. A look into the history of Marks Spencers internationalization ventures shows nothing but failure in almost all of its foreign markets star the club to either exit these markets or partially selling off its stores (Kollewe 2010). The report throws light on the issues faced by Marks Spencer in the ult and too focuses on its current position in order to analyze the newly developed strategies for internationalization, whether or not it is worth the risk. It then follows with possible recommendations for the senior(a) circumspection of Marks Spencer while ending with a conclusion that, keeping in mind the present scenario, recommends whether or not the new strategies for internationalization atomic number 18 worth pursuing and investing capital in to help the come with regain its market value and achieve growth.Marks Spencers Internationalization ventures and failuresOver the years, Marks and Spencer has faced rocky business ventures in most of the foreign lands where it decided to expand its business. Marks Spencer has opened retail stores and franchises in many countries of Europe and also expanded its business to Canada and America. These ventures, however, did not prove to be as successful as was hoped by the companys management because they were seen as more of a distraction than benefit. The management at MS believed that these low-profit global ventures were making the management lose its focus on UK, the primary market of MS. The company has, therefore, been forced to resort to exit from the round of the markets and partial pullouts from others by closing or selling off 38 of its stores all around Europe under its desire to revamp its stores in Britain in an exertion to shift focus to the retail business of UK and its British customers. These pullouts have resulted in serious damage to the brand image of Marks Spencer as the company performed brutal overnight layoffs and thus causing widespread anger among employees and customers.These unannounced and abrupt pullouts caused displeasure among MSs loyal customers as they felt betra yed by the company for not being informed about its withdrawal from their markets. This deed of Marks and Spencer is going to cost it employee and customer loyalty in the future, if ever it wishes to step into these markets again. Employees would consider double before accepting a job at MS while customers too would find it hard to rely completely on the brand.One of the major problems with Marks Spencers earlier ventures, as spotted by Bolland, was that it tried getting into too many markets at the same time without actually completing its introduction into one market. It manifestly shifted its attention from one country to another in an attempt to capture more market share than paying attention towards maintaining a firm grip on the markets share captured already (Holmes 2009). This therefore resulted in less profitability and lower revenues causing the company to withdraw eventually.Current internationalization strategyMarks Spencers new Chief Executive, Marc Bolland, has se t new strategies for the internationalization of MS. A new wave of international ventures has thus been planned in an attempt to restore the companys position in Europe and to reach out to the markets of Asia. Marc Bollands strategy of selective internationalization includes stepping carefully into international markets in order to avoid homecoming of failures that the company faced in the past. He has therefore, proposed India and China as the markets in Asia where he would introduce MS (Roy 2008). For this, he has advised a selected approach wherein only(prenominal) markets that promise a higher profitability would be tapped and there result be more franchises than company-owned stores.Marks Spencer has planned on entering India by partnering with the countrys belief Group while for China, Bolland has clearly stated that it would proceed to, and focus on Shanghai rather than the whole of China as China is, according to him, a group of multicultural countries that neither shar es a same language nor a similar view on style (The richest 2011).The management has been advised by Bolland to manufacture use of Chinese knowledge when establishing the companys presence in China. Bolland has also advised a combination of bricks and clicks in their new internationalization strategy due to which the company would open one flagship store in the capital, a few stores in major shopping malls while the rest of the operations would be trailn online as these markets have high internet density and online shopping is not an alien concept for the people of these markets. The company has also planned on moving into Egypt by opening its very first store in the country. A combination of bricks and clicks has not been emphasized upon as internet has not yet gained much popularity in the country thus rendering too much dependence on online business useless.Egypt will not be, however, discussed in this report as the main focus of this report is internationalization with respect to India and China. The new internationalization strategies adopted by Marks Spencer seem very brilliant and indicate higher profitability and customer shares than the previous strategies adopted by the company. India and China are, indeed, densely populated countries where the rich have high purchasing powers and are more aware of and interested in international brands than most countries of Asia. These countries are also host to a high number of foreign travelers that would help the company gain more in toll of sales and revenues.ConclusionThe new plans of international expansion undertaken by Marks Spencer are a series of carefully calculated steps that the company decides to take in order to prevent itself from stepping into the quicksand of failure. The company should, again, try to expand its business internationally so as to increase its business operations. Globalization is an important federal agent that successful companies should consider as it helps them gain recog nition by people all around the world. It is about time that Marks Spencer starts focusing on internationalization as a means of expansion to avoid being forced out of the market by competitors. By moving into the markets of India and Shanghai, MS has not only targeted two of the most densely populated countries of Asia but also two of the largest economies in emerging markets. Investment decisions in these two countries hold a promising future for MS that would not only be promising but also stable.The consumer market of India is also a highly adaptable market. People of these markets are easily influenced and are more prone to shift towards international brands regardless of how expensive their products are. The market of India has adopted the concept of westernization more rapidly and it has gives higher penchant to international brands than local brands. China too holds better future prospects as it has now become the second largest parsimony of the world (BBC, 2011). India r anks as the fifth largest economy in terms of PPP GDP (CIA World Factbook, 2011). Hence the company should proceed with internationalization.RecommendationsEven though the market of Asia is greatly influenced by western culture, it is also inclined towards its own regional culture and traditions. In order to gain greater popularity among customers, MS should introduce a line of traditional wear in whichever region it is targeting to operate in.Choosing regional brand ambassadors instead of international celebrities would help them gain popularity faster and even increase their brand equity and credibility. This would highlight the regional emphasis in the brand more.Clothes should be stitched keeping in mind the size definitions of the region being operated in and not simply introducing apparel with UK based sizes.MS should opt for test marketing by opening only a flagship store first to see how well the markets act to the idea of MS in their country rather than investing heavily a ll at once.Adopting cultures of the regions or sectors MS is operating in will deepen brand loyalty. The company should also merge into accessories and home apparels market for the sector. Giving options under a single brand increases the likelihood of equity and attraction of customers which will directly effect on the brand and sales.Since China and India are emerging markets, MS should focus more on the middle-class segments of these markets.

Main Sources Of Resistance To Organizational Change Management Essay

Main Sources Of Resistance To Organizational adjustment Management EssayChange is undeniable for advanced(a) organizations and increasing rapidly in the world collectible to internal and external triggers (Refer to Appendix 1) (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2010). For survival, organizations must be able to anticipate switch over and keep reconfiguring themselves as it is critical determinant for their success although it has difficulty and challenges. Organizations that wait for an overwhelming mandate to engage in swap efforts atomic number 18 very(prenominal) likely to be left over(p) behind and may struggle to survive (Lawler and Worley, 2009). For example, Nokia has already been through one successful convert turning itself from an unfocused conglomerate into a focused nimble phone producer in the 1990s. But, lack of accountability, poor leadership and complacency those came from mobile phone success has caused less competitive in the market due to customer transition from mobile phone to smart-phone (Riley, 2012). According to Nauss (1999), Jacques Nasser, Ford Motors CEO similarly advocated that any business that is satisfied with the p resent state of affairs is deluding itself. posing still or moving at a snails pace is effectively moving backward.Organizational change must be based on endeavor and goal-oriented and come from within the organization to be effective (See assure 1 and 2) according Cumming and Worley (Hellriegel, Slocum and Woodman, 2001).It also lease very cargonful assessment of individual and organisational capacity for change since they are potential subway to change.In this report, we will first discuss various causes for resistance to change from those who affected positively or negatively using Arthur Bedeians four common causes for resistance to change, Kotter and Schlesingers six practical techniques to overcome these resistances and Kurt Lewins 3 phase change management model.2.0 Resistance to Organization ChangeBucha nan and Huczynski (2010) define resistance to change is unwillingness or an inability to accept or discuss changes that are perceived to be damaging or dark to individual. Carr et al also claim that its signifi rout outce trick be measured by those affected perceive and react to it (Salawu, 2011). As a result, change efforts are often found resisted by individuals and groups overtly and covertly due to their negative perceptions to some extent. Hellriegel, Slocum and Woodman (2001) show a variety of sources of resistance in Figure 3 (Detail in Appendix 2).To overcome resistance to change, managers and employees must figure its primers and sources. Arthur Bedeian cites four common causes for resistance to change (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2010).2.1 Parochial self interestIndividuals are so comfort and content with their menstruum situation and they fear that any change in organization may threaten their vested interests. It is one of major reason that people resist organizational change.According to Desler (2004), there are 4 types of organizational change its strategy, technology, structure and employees. Structural change requires reorganizing organizational chart involving replacing, dismissing or adding personnel (Salawu, 2011). When this situation comes, employees fear to lose their existing positions. E.g. Current Burmese government involves liberal and conservative. Reorganization needs for democratic change process. It is good and dope improve the status of its people, but most conservatives fear reorganization as they think that it is a threat to their status quo and interests. For these reasons, Burmas change processes encounter resistance long-term time than desired and resulted as a poor country.2.2 Misunderstanding and lack of trustBuchanan and Huczynski (2010) suggest lack of understanding the reasons and consequences can create resistance to change because it might cost them more than what they will gain. much(prenominal) misunderstandin gs most likely occur where there is lack of trust between manager and employees.My former capital of Singapore based Japanese construction announced to his managers an implementation of a flexible 5 days work for all site staffs. No managers resisted because they were introduced the concept of that change in management meeting. Shortly after circulating announcement, various resistances arise from site staffs who do not understand and trust the meaning of flexible operative days. One rumor is that they might need to work extra hours in the evening. They were not satisfied with management decision at the beginning.According to Kotter and Schlesinger (1997), only some organizations have a high level of trust between employees and managers. So, it is easy to develop misunderstandings when organizational change is introduced. If managers do not clarify them in time, this can lead to resistance.2.3 Contradictory assessmentsAnother reason people resist to change is evaluation of costs a nd benefits variously. According to Buchanan and Huczynski (2010), it is the result of poor communication and inadequate teaching that causes contradictory assessments. But such resistance to change may lead to constructive criticism and improved aims to achieve better outcomes since people have different perceptions and knowledge. E.g. My previous project director of Construction Company was shocked by his design team members who made value technology of structural column. Although this value engineering can achieve design requirement while saving cost, he thought that it can damage the companys reputation. So he didnt allow the design proposal submission to owners consultant. He had reorganized the design team immediately that caused resistance from the people involved. As a result, company lost two good designers and halting the design team.Different people have different skills and knowledge that may lead to resistance. For the above case, design team has more skill and kno wledge than director. And resistance resulted from reorganization will be good for companys future.Low tolerance for changeBuchanan and Huczynski (2010) suggest that people respond to change and uncertainty in different ways. nearly are more readily to accept and adapt to changes. Others may have a low tolerance to adapt to changes since they have different abilities compared to others. Drucker (2010) also argue that the managers are the major obstacle for organizational growth since they are unable to change their attitude and behavior rapidly to meet organizational requirement. It is the result of peoples control tolerance that lead to oppose potential beneficial changes even they know that it is positive change.E.g. an engineer in my former construction company received a significant promotion due to expansion. New position required new skill set, relationships as well as loss of some satisfactory current situation. It made him uneasy to give up certain aspects of current situa tion and resist changing since his tolerance for change was low and he did not understand wisely the reason of change.3.0 Overcoming ResistanceMany managers underestimate not only the variety of ways people can react to organizational change, but also the ways they can positively influence specific individuals and groups during change ( Kotter and Schlesinger, 1997, p-454). E.g. Singapore construction industry has been unable to achieve better productivity due to knightly experience of managers who dont understand advantages and disadvantages of the methods which they are familiar. So, organizational change becomes managements responsibility. And coping resistance resulted from organizational change becomes the haunting question for todays manager because it determine the success or failure of organization (Martin, 1975). Kotter and Schlesinger identify six practical techniques for managing and overcoming resistance (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2010)3.1 Education and CommunicationEduca tion is one of most common way that communicates ideas to reconcile fence views. Kotter and Schlesinger (1979) discuss that this course of study can be ideal when resistance is based on inadequate or inaccurate information and analysis especially if the initiators need the resistors help in change implementation. Afferson, M. (2010) argue that this program requires face to face communication to discuss sensitive issues since email or written notices are very weak at conveying and developing understanding. E.g. former Philips CEO, Timmer used this program to explain the future of Philips to his employees. As a result, its operating income has increased (Strebel, 1998). Moreover, Buchanan and Huczynski (2010) also cotton up requirement of mutual trust to overcome misunderstanding.3.2 Participation and involvementAccording to Buchanan and Huczynski (2010), it can reduce opposition and lead to employees wholehearted commitment if the managers who initiate this program address to thei r concerns. And it will provide employees a sense of belonging to successful implementing of change. E.g. Coch and French (1948) experimented to examine the efficiency and effectiveness of participation to overcome resistance to change involving introducing by managers to employees, employees representative participation and all employees involvement. Based on their experiment, all employees involvement was the best for overcoming resistance. But Buchanan and Huczynski (2010) also highlighted that it is time consuming and will be useful if employees skill and knowledge has ability to cope the changes.3.3 Facilitation and supportBuchanan and Huczynski (2010) suggest facilitation and support can overcome resistance when it is caused by fear or anxiety. Such approaches include new trainings or simply listening or emotional support. According to Kotter and Schlesinger (1979), one rapidly growing electronics company devised this program for its employees to adapt shop at organizational changes. They employed four counselors to spent most of their time in talking, listening, educating and training to employees.3.4 Negotiation and agreementIt is another way to deal with powerful individuals or groups who create major resistance such as offering incentives to facilitate changes (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2010). But they also alerted that it may become expensive for change and take more time to do. E.g. Former Burmese military general have strong power to resist political reform in Burma. Current government has to negotiate with them to reach an agreement for successful change such as protecting their interests.3.5 Manipulation and co-optationIt involves covert attempts to sidestep potential resistance. Management puts forward proposals that supplicant to the specific interests of key stakeholders. This information is selective, emphasizing benefits and playing down disadvantages. Co-optation involves giving key resistors direct access to the decision-making process, perhaps giving them well-paid, high-status management positions (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2010, p-573). E.g. A local manager in my former Japanese Construction Company invited Japanese manager to analyze one missing item in the design. delinquent to busy schedule, he was unable to do proper analysis. It limited his influence on the analysis. But his commitment was subsequently very important during discussing with Japanese director. Generally, he did not like someone trying to make changes. After discussion with Japanese manager, he did not try to block the change.3.6 Implicit and explicit coercionAlthough many researchers advocate supportive approaches to overcome resistances, managers have to deal with resistance coercively such as firing or transferring to facilitate change. Buchanan and Huczynski (2010) discuss such situations as where the target group is profound disagreement, has little chance of shifting their ground, and the speed is essential for survival. But Kotter and S chlesinger (1979) argued that using coercion is risky because people will resent forced change inevitably.4.0 ConclusionStrong resistance to change may root deeply in some organizations, but change has become inevitable for todays modern organizations in fast changing business environment for survival. In Figure 1, effective change management program should be implemented mightily by the managers who understand the firms culture to facilitate the change process while protecting the interests of affected person.In this report, we applied Kotter and Schlesingers approaches to manage change. Since these approaches have their limitation, they may not be likely to be effective under all conditions and circumstances. There are many prescriptive models or approaches for successful change. In reality, appropriate approaches can be implemented based on the primary cause of resistance. So, manager may need to combine various techniques to manage organizational change.Finally, we would like t o suggest Kurt Lewins 3 phase change management model unfreezing, moving and refreezing because present approaches or technology may be unsuitable in future. We can check off from the failure and success of Nokia and Apple. Apple was able to unfreeze the old technology or mind set that are outdated, develop new process and technology to move on from the old ways of doing things to the new and refreeze again when all seem okay. And they start Lewins process again since refreezing stage may be jury-rigged in future (see figure 4) where Nokia didnt.

The Victory of Banquo in Shakespeares Macbeth :: Free Essay Writer

The Victory of Banquo in Macbeth The audience sees in Shakespeares Macbeth that the one who ends up victorious, the one whose family will provide kings for the kingdom, is the innocent, spiritually inclined Banquo. It is he about whom this essay will deal. In Shakespeare and Tragedy John Bayley discusses Banquo shortly before his murder . . . like Banquo, who, in the tense arcminute before the murder, expresses in more forceful form the idea of evil speculation and possibility as ranging in the mind Merciful powers, Restrain in me the cursed thoughts that nature Gives way to in repose. II.i.7-9 At such a moment the activities of the mind become almost palpable and express themselves in corporeal form, as they do in the other two mind tragedies. In the speech which he imagines the thoughts that may come to him when he goes to rest, Banquo hands his sword to his watchword Fleance, and then - with a dream-like precision - hands over his belt with its dagger too Hold, take my sw ord. Theres husbandry in heaven Their candles are all out. make do thee that too. (188-89) Lily B. Campbell in her volume of criticism, Shakespeares Tragic Heroes Slaves of Passion, discusses how fear enters the life of Banquo with the murder of Duncan and his two attendants And as Lady Macbeth is helped from the room, we see fear working in the others. Banquo admits that fears and scruples jar them all, even while he proclaims his enmity to treason. But Banquo fears rightly the anger or hatred of the Macbeth who has power to do him harm. (222) Clark and Wright in their Introduction to The Complete full treatment of William Shakespeare comment that Banquo is a force of good in the play, set in opposition to Macbeth Banquo, the loyal soldier, praying for restraint against evil thoughts which enter his mind as they had entered Macbeths, further which work no evil there, is set over against Macbeth, as virtue is set over against disloyalty. (792) In Fools of Time Studies in Sh akespearean Tragedy, Northrop Frye explains the rationale pot Banquos ghost in this play Except for the episode of Hercules leaving Antony, where mysterious music is heard again, there is nonhing really supernatural in Shakespeares tragedies that is not connected with the murder of the order-figures.

The Social Construction of Gender Roles Essay -- Papers male masculine

The Social Construction of Gender Roles Gender or sex roles are the expected patterns of behavior assumed to follow from a persons sex. Gender roles are not natural. They are formed by and vary within society, culture, geographic location, political sympathies and time. There is a strong relationship between the social construction of sexuality and compulsory heterosexuality. People are programmed into certain gender roles and social categories through and through socialization and interaction with others. Expectations about appropriate gender role characteristics and sexual behavior have evolved throughout history, especially for women. In the 1700s and 1800s, the mens role included earning an income to support a family and working in the farms, while the females role included the responsibility to have and to care for children, ravel a household and assisting a husband in farm labor. Running a household and caring for children was considered a full-time job. Children were taught their roles when they were very young. Boys were shown how to farm and digest for their future families as they attended school. Girls learned how to do the household chores and received only the very basic teaching. They were taught how to be wives and mothers. By the end of the 1800s, higher education began to become available for women.The Industrial era brought new developments for the sex roles. The male world expanded and men had the opportunity to take up new careers and the immunity to move around the country more conveniently. They were still the breadwinners and dominated the government, legal and medical agencies. Womens roles during this time also changed but not as oft as mens. The... ...rately, use different washrooms and play different sports. Even the fact that most teachers are females and most of the administration is male cause children to pull in that each gender has a different role in life. This kind of treatment makes children aware that boys and girls are different. The media is a powerful social agent that portrays gender roles and stereotyping. Many prime time television shows, movies and commercials portray young beautiful women as either sex symbols or the typical women who cooks, cleans and cares for the house. These situations teach young girls that dishful and their role as a nurturer is what is valued in society. If gender were a natural phenomenon to men and women, then why does it have to be taught? Why moldiness we be told to be a man or act like a lady, and be reprimanded for doing what comes naturally when it is deemed

False Memory Syndrome Essay -- Psychology Disorders Essays

False Memory SyndromeHow accurate and reliable is memory? Studies on memory have shown that we often construct our memories after the fact, that we argon susceptible to suggestions from others that allow for help us fill in the gaps in our memories (Carroll 6). Prior to reading and discussing the issue of False Memory Syndrome, I hadnt musical theme much about the topic. Maybe a person who had experienced this would be more educated. I did however find it very interesting to research and my beliefs or feelings about it now exist and will be shared at a later time. The purpose of this paper is to describe what False Memory Syndrome is and retell some of the facts that have been gathered through previous research and my own research. The definition of False Memory Syndrome, according to the Random House Compact full-length Dictionary, is a psychological condition in which a person believes that he or she remembers events that have not actually occurred (Freyd 3). Dr. John F. Kihlstrom, a professor of psychological science at Yale University also suggests that FMS is a condition in which a persons identity and interpersonal relationships are centered around memory of traumatic experience which is objectively false, but in which the person strongly believes. This false memory has been so deeply ingrained that is often interferes with the individuals personality and lifestyle. The disorder will sometimes be destructive because the individual will avoid any type of confrontation that might challenge the memory. This often distracts the person from coping with general life challenges (Freyd 2). When a couple was accused by their own daughter for abuse that had never happened, the couple, Pamela and Peter Freyd, formed the False ... ...Works Cited Pendergrast, Mark. Victims of Memory excite Abuse Accusations and Shattered Lives. Hinesburg Upper Access, Inc. Ofshe, Richard and Ethan Watters. Making Monsters False Memories, Psychotherapy, a nd Sexual Hysteria. New York Charles Scribners Sons, 1994. Carroll, Robert Todd. Memory. The Skeptics Dictionary. 1998. http//dcn.davis.ca.us/btcarrol/skeptic/memory.html (01 Dec 2000). Hochman, John, M.D. Recovered Memory Therapy and False Memory Syndrome. Altedena Skeptics Society, 1994. http//www.skeptic.com/02.3.hochman- fms.html (20 Nov 2000). Freyd, Pamela, Ph.D. a great deal Asked Questions. Philadelphia False Memory Syndrome Foundation. Sept. 1995. http//www.fmsfonline.com/fmsffaq.html. (20 Nov 2000). Freberg, Laura. Stand. Boulder Coursewise Publishing Inc., 1999.